犹疑的现代性:德莱顿与古今之争The Hesitant Modernity:John Dryden and the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns
程酩纳
摘要(Abstract):
新古典主义先驱德莱顿生逢英国古今之争的交锋时代,对“古”与“今”的思索贯穿其文学生涯。然而,学界未能就德莱顿在古今之争中的立场达成共识。本文从相关文献入手,厘清德莱顿在论争中的真实态度:强烈的民族意识和进步观念使德莱顿站在崇今派的一边,但怀疑论的精神气质又使其与崇古派存在千丝万缕的联系。德莱顿的犹疑作风折射出文化转型时期英国复杂的文化思想气候与地缘政治关切,能够为今日的文艺创新讨论提供启示。
关键词(KeyWords): 德莱顿;古今之争;书籍之战;进步观;怀疑论
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金重点项目“伊丽莎白时期英国文学和英语文化帝国的形成研究”(20AWW006)
作者(Author): 程酩纳
参考文献(References):
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- (1)德莱顿引述的内容为:“许多词汇已经衰亡了,但是将来又会复兴;现在人人崇尚的词汇,将来又会衰亡;这都看‘习惯’喜欢怎样,‘习惯’是语言的裁判,它给语言制定法律和标准”。此处译文借鉴杨周翰先生译本(贺拉斯《诗艺》,杨周翰译,人民文学出版社,1962年,第140-141页)。 (2)查理二世治下“英法之争”的情势十分微妙。一方面法国是欧洲第一强国,路易十四的专制主义是权势的最佳典范,这迎合了查理二世的胃口,并且,查理二世与路易十四是表亲关系,1670年他与法国秘密签订《多佛条约》,以获得资助重新对荷兰开战;另一方面,荷兰此时也正值文化和商业的黄金时代,其经济实力令想要发展海外贸易的英国人感到艳羡。因此,英国国内也就有了争端,究竟是追随天主教法国不容置疑的统治铁腕,还是效仿荷兰成为以理性管理的基督新教国家?英国上下对于法国的态度非常分裂,国王的亲法外交政策与部分英国文人(如洛克)的恐法态度形成了鲜明对比。德莱顿被查理二世任命为桂冠诗人和宫廷史官,在构建英国的美学原则时,他不得不将国王的亲法倾向纳入考量。 (3)类似的人物还有约翰·伊夫林(John Evelyn, 1620—1706),克里斯托弗·雷恩(Christopher Wren, 1632—1723)等。